seuraava »

[sideman]

(Lisäys: päämotivaatiomme tähän "vaivannäköön" lienee se, että kun yrittää toisia valistaa [heh], löytyy usein uusia näkökulmia ja oivalluksia käsittelyn alaisena olevasta aiheesta...)

Aloittakaamme sanan guNa* sanakirjamääritelmällä:

guNa   m. ( %{grah} Un2.) a single thread or strand of a cord or twine (e.g. %{tri-g-} q.v.) , string or thread , rope TS. vii Mr2icch. Kum. Ragh. ; a garland W. ; a bow-string R. iii , 33 , 16 (%{cApa-}) Ragh. ix , 54 R2itus. Hit. ; (in geom.) a sinew ; the string of a musical instrument , chord S3is3. iv , 57: ifc. (f. %{A}) with numerals `" fold , times "' (see %{ca4tur-} , %{tri-} , %{daza-} , %{dvi4-} , %{paJca-} ; rarely the numeral stands by itself along with %{guNa4} [e.g. %{viziSTo@dazabhir@guNaiH} , `" of ten times higher value "' Mn. ii , 85] AV. x , 8 , 43 MBh. iii , 15649 Hariv. 509 ; [%{guNa} = %{bhAga}] Pa1n2. 5-2 , 47 Ka1s3.) ; a multiplier , co-efficient (in alg.) ; subdivision , species , kind (e.g. %{gandhasya@guNAH} , the different kinds of smell MBh. xii , 6847) ; the 6 subdivisions of action for a king in foreign politics (viz. peace , war , march , halt , stratagem , and recourse to the protection of a mightier king) Mn. vii , 160 Ya1jn5. i , 346 MBh. ii , 155 ; = %{upA7ya} (q.v. , denoting the 4 ways of conquering an enemy) R. v , 81 , 41 ; `" requisite "' see %{-No7pe7ta} ; a secondary element , subordinate or unessential part of any action (e.g. %{sarva-g-} mfn. `" reaching to all subordinate parts "' , hence `" valid throughout "' Ka1tyS3r.) S3a1n3khS3r. A1s3vS3r. Ka1tyS3r. R. v , 1 , 71 ; an auxiliary act S3a1n3khBr. xxvi , 4 ; a secondary dish (opposed to %{anna} i.e. rice or the chief dish) , side-dish Mn. iii , 224 ff. ; (= %{-karman} , in Gr.) the secondary or less immediate object of an action Pa1n2. 1-4 , 51 Sch. ; a quality , peculiarity , attribute or property La1t2y. S3a1n3khGr2. Mn. iii , ix , &c. ; an attribute of the 5 elements (each of which has its own peculiar quality or qualities as well as organ of sense ; thus 1. ether has %{zabda} , or sound for its Gun2a and the ear for its organ ; 2. the air has tangibility and sound for its Gun2as and the skin for its organ ; 3. fire or light has shape or colour , tangibility , and sound for its Gun2as , and the eye for its organs ; 4. water has flavour , shape , tangibility , and sound for its Gun2as , and the tongue for its organ ; 5. earth has the preceding Gun2as , with the addition of its own peculiar Gun2a of smell , and the nose for its organ) Mn. i , 20 and 76-78 MBh. xii , 6846 ff. S3ak. i , 1 BhP. iii , 5 , 35 ; (in S3a1m2khya phil.) an ingredient or constituent of Prakr2iti , chief quality of all existing beings (viz. %{sattva} , %{rajas} , and %{tamas} i.e. goodness , passion , and darkness , or virtue , foulness , and ignorance ; cf. RTL. pp. 31 ; 36 ; 163) Mn. i ; iii , 40 ; xii , 24 ff. Sa1m2khyak. Bhag. xiii f. ; (hence) the number `" three "' VarBr2S. iic , 1 ; a property or characteristic of all created things (in Nya1ya phil. twenty-four Gun2as are enumerated , viz. 1. %{rUpa} , shape , colour ; 2. %{rasa} , savour ; 3. %{gandha} , odour ; 4. %{sparza} , tangibility ; 5. %{saMkhyA} , number ; 6. %{parimANa} , dimension ; 7. %{pRthaktva} , severalty ; 8. %{saMyoga} , conjunction ; 9. %{vibhAga} , disjunction ; 10. %{paratva} , remoteness ; 11. %{aparatva} , proximity ; 12. %{gurutva} , weight ; 13. %{dravatva} , fluidity ; 14. %{sneha} , viscidity ; 15. %{zabda} , sound ; 16. %{buddhi} or %{jJAna} , understanding or knowledge ; 17. %{sukha} , pleasure ; 18. %{duHkha} , pain ; 19. %{icchA} , desire ; 20. %{dveSa} , aversion ; 21. %{prayatna} , effort ; 22. %{dharma} , merit or virtue ; 23. %{adharma} , demerit ; 24. %{saMskAra} , the self-reproductive quality) ; an epithet Ka1tyS3r. ; good quality , virtue , merit , excellence Mn. MBh. &c. ; the merit of composition (consistency , elegance of expression , &c.) Ka1vya7d. i , 41 f. Kpr. viii Sa1h. viii ; the peculiar properties of the letters (11 in number , viz. the 8 %{bAhya-prayatnAs} [q.v.] and the 3 accents) Ka1s3. on Pa1n2. 1-1 , 9 and 50 (cf. %{-mAtra}) ; the first gradation of a vowel , the vowels %{a} (with %{ar} , %{al} Pa1n2. 1-1 , 51) , %{e} , %{o} Nir. x , 17 RPra1t. xi , 6 Pa1n2. ; an organ of sense L. ; a cook (cf. %{-kAra}) L. ; Bhi1ma-sena (cf. %{-kAra}) L. ; (%{A}) f. Sanseviera Roxburghiana L. ; the plant %{mAMsarohiNI} L. ; N. of a princess Ra1jat. iv , 695 (cf. %{nir-} , %{vi-} , %{sa-} ; %{gauNa}.)

(Tässä artikkelisarjassa tarkastelemme lähinnä yllä sinisellä korostettua merkitystä; toinen kenties astrologisestikkin "kiintoisa" merkitys punaisella...)

Nyt vasta eka kertaa hiffasimme, että tuon substantiivin kantaverbin ajatellaan olevan grabh:

grabh   or {grah, gRbhNA3ti, gRbhNIte3, gRhlA3ti, gRhlIte3} ({gRhlati, -te}), pp. {gRbhIta3 & gRhIta3} (q.v.) grasp, seize, catch; take (in various mgs, e.g.) gather, pluck, collect, take up or draw (a fluid); take away, rob, occupy, buy, chose, marry, esp. w. {pANiM} or {pANau} take (by) the hand (acc.); accept, receive; assume, use, put on or in; undertake, undergo, begin; gain over, win; get, acquire, keep, hold; take into the mouth, mention, name; take in with the mind, perceive, observe, understand, learn; admit, approve, obey, follow; take for, consider as (2 acc.); ger. {gRhya} having taken i.e. accompanied by, furnished with, with (acc.); P. {gRhyate} be meant by (instr.). C. {grAha3yati} cause to grasp, seize, take etc. ({pANiM} the hand, see above); cause to choose or marry (2 acc.), cause a person (acc.) to be occupied with (instr.), make learn, teach (2 acc.). D. {jighRkSati, -te} be about to seize or take, strive to perceive or understand. -- {anu} follow in taking etc., accept, admit, approve, support, uphold; favour ({Asanam} the seat = deign to sit down), oblige, make happy, esp. {anugRhIto'smi} I am happy or satisfied = thanks for (instr.). {apa} take away, tear off. {abhi} seize, catch, take hold of, take up, put together, put on, set (a blossom or fruit), accept, receive. {ava} let loose; stop, keep from (abl.); separate, divide (g.); perceive, notice, feel. {A} grasp, seize, draw tight (the reins); take in, learn.


* N = ns. retrofleksi (eli kakuminaalinen, serebraalinen) nasaali; mikäli haluat ääntää tuon sanan guNa vimpam päälle korrektisti, taivuta kielen kärkeä hieman taaksepäin ännän kohdalla, niin saat aidon vinkuintialaisen saundin sanaan!

[sideman]

saaMkhya-filosofia, joka on yogan (pääasiallinen?) teoreettinen perusta, luettelee
25 tattvaa* jotenkin näinikkäästi (ulkomuistista, voi mennä vähän vituralleen;
pilkut ja tavuviivat lisätty havainnollisuuden vuoksi, LOL!):

sattva-rajas-tamasaaM  saamya-avasthaa prakRtiH [1], prakRter mahaan [2], mahato 'haM-kaaro [3], 'haM-kaaraat pañca tan-maatraaNy [4 - 8] ubhayam indriyaM [9 - 19], tan-maatrebhyaH sthuula-bhuutaani [20 - 24], puruSa [25] iti pañca-viMshatir-gaNaH.

sattva-radsas-tamasaam saamjaavasthaa prakritif, prakriteer mahaan, mahatoo [a]hang-kaaroo, [a]hang-kaaraat pañtsha tan-maatraanjubhajam indriyan, tan-maatreebhjas sthuula-bhuutaani, purusha iti pañtsha-vimshatir-ganahaa.

Viheriällä korostettu osa siis toteaa, että guNain sattva, rajas ja tamas "samuustila" on prakriti,
tai toisin päin: prakriti on, jne. Tarkoittaneeko tuo sitä, että kun nuo kolme guNaa ovat ekvilibriumissa, materiaalinen maailmankaikkeus on ilmentymättömässä, puhtaan energian tilassa,
("ennen" Big Bangia) tai jotain?

 



* tattva   n. the state of being that, i.e. the true state or real nature; truth, reality, first principle (ph.)

[sideman]

Kirjaimellisesti guNa'in nimet tarkoittavat seuraavaa (irrelevantteja pätkiä, esim. teosten, joissa kyseinen merkitys esiintyy, nimien lyhenteitä poistettu):

sattva    being , existence , entity , reality (%{Izvara-s-} , `" the existence of a Supreme Being "') ,. ; true essence , nature , disposition of mind , character . ; spiritual essence , spirit , mind . ; vital breath , life , consciousness , strength of character , strength , firmness , energy , resolution , courage , selfcommand , good sense , wisdom , magnanimity MBh. R. &c. ; the quality of purity or goodness (regarded in the saaMkhya phil. as the highest of the three guNas [q.v.] or constituents of Prakriti because it renders a person true , honest , wise &c. , and a thing pure , clean &c.)

rajas   n. `" coloured or dim space "' , the sphere of vapour or mist , region of clouds , atmosphere , air , firmament vapour , mist , clouds , gloom , dimness , darkness RV. AV. ; impurity , dirt , dust , any small particle of matter RV. &c. &c. (cf. %{go-r-}) ; the dust or pollen of flowers Ka1lid. BhP. ; cultivated or ploughed land (as `" dusty "' or `" dirty "') , arable land , fields RV. ; the impurity i.e. the menstrual discharge of a woman  ; the `" darkening "' quality , passion , emotion , affection MBh. Ka1v. &c. ; (in phil.) the second of the three Gun2as or qualities (the other two being %{sattva} , goodness , and %{tamas} , darkness ;

tamas   n. darkness , gloom  the darkness of hell , hell or a particular division of hell  the obscuration of the sun or moon in eclipses , attributed to Ra1hu (also m. L.) mental darkness , ignorance , illusion , error (in Sa1m2khya phil. one of the 5 forms of %{a-vidjA} MBh. xiv , 1019 Sa1m2khyak. &c. ; one of the 3 qualities or constituents of everything in creation [the cause of heaviness , ignorance , illusion , lust , anger , pride , sorrow , dulness , and stolidity ; sin L. ; sorrow Kir. iii ; see %{guNa} a

Bonussisältöä: hyvä(?) "vuokaavio" saaMkhyan elementeistä:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti#/media/File:Evolution_in_Samkhya.jpg

Intellect = mahat (mahaan):

mahat* [...] great (in space , time , quantity or degree) i.e. large , big , huge , ample , extensive , long , abundant , numerous , considerable , important , high , eminent [...] `" the great principle "'N. of Buddhi , `" Intellect "' , or the intellectual principle (according to the Sa1m2khya philosophy the second of the 23 principles produced from Prakr2iti and so called as the {great} source of Aham2ka1ra , `" self-consciousness "' , and Manas , `" the mind "' ; cf. IW. 83 , 91 &c.)

Ego-sense = ahaM-kaara ("minän-tekeminen")

ahaMkAra   m. conception of one's individuality , self-consciousness ChUp. &c. ; the making of self , thinking of self , egotism MBh. &c. ; pride , haughtiness R. &c. ; (in Sa1n3khya phil.) the third of the eight producers or sources of creation , viz. the conceit or conception of individuality , individualization ; (%

Huomatkaamme, että kaiketi rajo-guNasta eli rajasista (halusta, himosta jne) riippuu menemmekö valoa (sattva) vai pimeyttä (tamas) kohti?

* vrt. kreikan mega!

[sideman]

(Ajantappoa kun pörssi on kiinni...    )

Sana sattva näyttäisi esiintyvän ainakin neljä (4) kertaa YSssa (alla hankalalukuisessa ITRANS-muodossa; "paras" käännös yogasutrastudy.info -saitilta oheistettuna):

II 41 sattvashuddhisaumanasyaikAgr.hyendriyajayAtmadarshana\-yogyatvAni cha .. 41..

(sidislisäykset hakasulkeissa)

Moreover, one gains purity of sattva [sattva-shuddhi], cheerfulness of mind [saumanasya*], one-pointedness [aikaagrya**], mastery over the senses [indriya-jaya], and fitness for Self-realization.
[aatma-darshana-yogyatva]

III 35  sattvapuruShayoratyantAsa.nkIrNayoH pratyayAvisheSho bhogaH
parArthatvAtsvArthasa.nyamAtpuruShaj~nAnam.h .. 35..

Worldly experience is caused by a failure to differentiate between the lucid quality of nature (sattva) and the spirit (puruSa). From perfect discipline of the distinction between spirit as the subject of itself and the lucid quality of nature as a dependent object, one gains knowledge of the spirit.

III 49  sattvapuruShAnyatAkhyAtimAtrasya sarvabhAvAdhiShThAtR^itva.n
sarvaj~nAtR^itva.n cha .. 49..

By recognition of the distinction between the sattva (pure reflective nature) and the Self, supremacy over all states and forms of existence [omnipotence] is gained as is omniscience.

III 55 sattvapuruShayoH shuddhisAmye kaivalyamiti .. 55..

Tähän useampi käännös:

Kaivalya is attained when there is equality of purity between the Parusa and Sattva.

[VH]: Upon the equal purity of sattva and parusa–kaivalya-the aloness (of seeing).

[BM]: Absolute freedom occurs when the lucidity of material nature and spirit are in pure equlibrium.

[SS]: (56):

When the tranquil mind attains purity equal to that of the Self, there is Absoluteness.

[SP]: (56) Perfection is attained when the mind becomes as pure as the Atman itself.

[SV]: (56):

By the similarity of purity between the Sattva and the Purusa comes Kaivalya.

Hmm...kolmessa noista suutra'ista sana sattva esiintyy yhdessä sanan puruSa kaa. Kenties
Pj haluaa painottaa sitä, että vaikka sattva on tärkeä puruSan kokemusperäiselle hiffaamiselle,
sillä ei ole muutoin kertakaikkiaan yhtään mitään yhteistä Puhtaan Tietoisuuden eli puruSan kaa,
koska se (sattva) on "vain" prakRtin hienoin aspekti, tai jotain?

* ns. vRddhi-derivatiivi sanasta su-manas = hyvä-mieli
** ditto ekaagra (eekaagra) = yksi (eka) - huippu(inen) agra

(tall. kesk. er...)

[sideman]

Vaikuttaa vähän siltä, että Pj ei käytä lainkaan sanoja rajas ja tamas. Sensijaan hän käyttää
sattvasta myös synonyymiä prakaasha, ja rajas-sanan sijaan sanaa kriyaa, sekä tamas'in asemesta sanaa sthiti:

II 18 prakAshakriyAsthitishIla.n bhUtendriyAtmaka.n
bhogApavargArtha.n dR^ishyam.h .. 18..

Sama "selkokielisenä" (värit sattumanvaraiset, eivät kuvaa guNain ominaisuuksia):

prakaasha-kriyaa-sthiti-shiilam bhuuta+indriya-aatmakam
bhoga-apavarga-arthan drishyam .. 18..

Eri kääntäjät suosivat erilaisia enkunkielisiä vastineita noille kolmelle sanalle:

[HA]: The Object Or Knowable Is By Nature Sentient, Mutable And Inert. It Exists In The Form Of The Elements And The Organs, And Serves The Purpose Of Experience And Emancipation.

[IT]: The Seen (objective side of manifestation) consists of the elements and sense organs, is of the nature of cognition, activity and stability (Sattva, Rajas and Tamas) and has for its purpose providing the Purusa with) experience and liberation.

[VH]: [BM]: [SS]: The seen is of the nature of the gunas: illumination, activity and inertia; and consists of the elements and sense organs, whose purpose is to provide both experiences and liberation to the Purusha.

[SP]: The object of experience is composed of the three gunas—the principles of illumination (sattwa), activity (rajas) and inertia (tamas). From these, the whole universe has evolved together with the instruments of knowledge—such as the mind, senses, etc.—and the objects perceived—such as the physical elements. The universe exists in order that the experiencer may experience it, and thus become liberated.

[SV]: The experienced is composed of elements and organs, is of the nature of illumination, action and intertia, and is for the purpose of experience and release (of the experiencer).

 Lyhkäsemmästä Cappellerin(sp?) sanakirjasta:

prakaasha   a. shining forth, clear, open, manifest; famed, celebrated, renowned, glorious; --- & n. openly, clearly, publicly, aloud. --m. clearness, light, elucidation, explanation esp. in titles of books), shine, appearance (adj. --- resembling, like)

kriyaa  f. action, performance, occupation, labour, pains; activity, verb; work, esp. religious work, sacrifice, ceremony, worship; argument, document, bond, contract.

sthiti f. standing, stopping, staying, remaining in or with (loc. or ---); abode, place; situation, rank, dignity; devotion to or occupation with (loc.); stability, duration; firmness, constancy, existence, occurrence; state, condition;...

Alistair Shearer'in - joka käsittääksemme on TM-friikki - "selittelevä" käännös alkaa näinikkäästi:

The world is the play of the guNas - the universal energies of light [sattva - sidis], motion [rajas] and mass [tamas]...

Koska MMY (Maharishi Mahesh Yogi) oli koulutukseltaan fyysikko (hänen gurunsa kehotti häntä suorittamaan yliopisto-opintonsa loppuun*), hän varmaankin diggasi tuollaisesta käännöksestä, joka on helposti assosioitavissa hiukkasfyssaan?

 

* Luultavasti jotta hänellä olisi hyvät valmiudet heittää läppää länsimaisten
tiedemiesten ja -naisten kaa...